This study focuses on prison overcrowding, detention conditions and the health of inmates in the Abidjan and Korhogo correctional facilities (AKCF). The objective is to show the impact of prison overcrowding and detention conditions on the health of inmates in these two prisons. The data collection methodology was based on a literature review and a field survey. Thus, on the basis of a non-probability sample and using the convenience method, 25 former inmates in Abidjan and 17 in Korhogo were selected and submitted to this study. Prison occupancy rates were also calculated. The results show that the Abidjan and Korhogo correctional facilities (AKCF) are overcrowded with occupancy rates of 531% and 322% respectively, while their actual capacity is 1,500 individuals for the ACF and 100 for the Korhogo Correctional Facility (KCF). The causes lie in the excessive use of pre-trial detention, the lack of knowledge of inmates of their rights, the failure to take into account age criteria, the lack of judges and the lack of rigor in monitoring the application of sentences. The study also shows that the precarious living conditions in prisons are aggravated by the overcrowding of inmates who live in promiscuity with several inmates in small cells, by the scarcity and poverty of food rations, and by insalubrity. In addition, these conditions of detention affect the health of inmates and are risk factors for the occurrence of disease, contamination and spread of several diseases within the prisons while the technical facilities of the prison health centers are weak, inmates do not all have access to care and funding for life in prison by the Government is insufficient.